Document Type : Review Paper
Authors
1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar University of Maritime and Marine Sciences, Chabahar, Iran
2 Assoc. Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar University of Maritime and Marine Sciences, Chabahar, Iran
Abstract
The entry of materials extracted from municipal, industrial and hospital waste into marine ecosystems is one of the serious environmental problems in coastal cities. One of the most important environmental challenges is the improper and unprincipled disposal of waste on the beaches. The Kharchang coast of Konarak city is one of these beaches that is subject to improper waste management in the country. In the present study, the possible environmental hazards of the landfill on the coast were investigated. According to the results, the traditional and inefficient waste disposal system on the shores of Konarak near the mangrove forests, has brought about the soil and air pollution, and with the entry of toxic leachates, plastics and microplastics, heavy metals and organic matter in the bed of sand, mud and also their entry into the sea has caused many health problems in these ecosystems and consequently the destruction of the marine environment of Chabahar Bay. Therefore, creating and organizing a fully standardized and mechanized system based on up-to-date methods seems to be essential in order to achieve the health of local ecologists. In addition, due to the proximity of the landfill to the aquatic ecosystems of the Oman Sea, the principle of choosing a suitable place for disposal and landfilling is effective in reducing potential environmental hazards in the region and will improve waste management.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Abduli, M. A., Mehrdadi, N. and Rezazadeh, M. (2014). Coastal solid waste management in Mazandaran Province. J. Environ. Stud., 40(4), 861-873. DOI:10.22059/jes.2014.53003
Altındağ, A. and Yiğit, S. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake Beyşehir, Turkey. Chemosphere, 60(4), 552-556.
Amin Rad, T. and Sanjani, M. (2010). Status of coral reef species at Chabahar Bay, Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran. Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 13, 369-374.
Anderson, D. M., Boerlage, S. F. and Dixon, M. B. (2017). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and desalination: a guide to impacts, monitoring and management.
Anderson, D. M. and McCarthy, S. (2012). Red tides and harmful algal blooms: impacts on desalination operations. Middle East Desalination Research Center, Muscat, Oman. Online:www.medrc.org/download/habs and desaliantion workshop report final. pdf.
Asefi, M. A. and Attaran-Fariman, G. (2018). An overview of the impact of climate change and acidification of the oceans on the growth and bloom of marine algae with emphasis on harmful algae blooms (HABs). J. Persian Gulf., 9(33).
Assadi, H., Attaran-Fariman, G. and Dehghani, R. (2015). A study on existence of dinoflagellates cysts and detection harmful kind of them in marine sediments of Hormozgan province. J. Marine Sci. Technol. Res., 10(3), 1-21.
Attaran-Fariman, G. (2007). Dinoflagellate Cysts and Chattonella resting stages from recent sediments of the South Coast of Iran. PhD Thesis. University of Tasmania.
Attaran-Fariman, G. and Bolch, C. (2012). Morphology and phylogeny of scrippsiella trochoidea (dinophyceae) a potentially harmful bloom forming species isolated from the sediments of iran’s south coast. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 11(2), 252-270.
Attaran-Fariman, G., Dolat-Abadi, F. and Loghmani, M. (2020). phylogenic study of dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum simultaneous occurrences during redtide of Gonyaulax polygramma isolated from the coastal waters of Ramin (Makoran Sea). Journal of Oceanography, 11(41), 73-81. [In Persian].
Attaran-Fariman, G., Loghmani, M. and Mirkazehi-Rigi, A. (2018). The Effect of Environmental Factors on the abundance of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments of the Southeastern Coast of Iran in Hot and Cold Seasons. Journal of Oceanography, 9(34), 59-67. [In Persian].
Attaran-Fariman, G., Noorzayi, S. and Jafari, H. (2014). The role of sediment properties on the frequency and diversity of dinoflagellate cysts in Chabahar Bay. Journal of Marine Biology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, 5(20). [In Persian].
Attaran-Fariman, G. and Raisi, A. (2015). The Distribution and Diversity of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments of Gwatar Bay (Northeast Gulf of Oman). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 24(3), 151-163. DOI:10.22092/isfj.2017.110200, [In Persian].
Badola, R. and Hussain, S. A. (2005). Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India. Environmental Conservation, 85-92.
Bahri, A., Ghaemi, H., Abdolahi, A. and Doaie, M. M. (2018). The Harmful Impacts of Microplastics in the Marine Environment- A Review. Environment and Water Engineering, 4(1), 72-83. DOI:10.22034/jewe.2018.63418, [In Persian].
Bayat, B. (2002). Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes: I. The case of nickel (II), copper (II) and zinc (II). Journal of hazardous materials, 95(3), 251-273.
Bazrafshan, E. and Kord-Mostafapoor, F. (2008). Survey of quantity and quality of hazardous wastes produced in Sistan and Baluchestan in 1386. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 10(4), 305-.
Bolch, C. J. and de Salas, M. F. (2007). A review of the molecular evidence for ballast water introduction of the toxic dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum and the Alexandrium “tamarensis complex” to Australasia. Harmful algae, 6(4), 465-485.
Browne, M. A., Dissanayake, A., Galloway, T. S., Lowe, D. M. and Thompson, R. C. (2008). Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environmental science & technology, 42(13), 5026-5031.
Browne, M. A., Galloway, T. and Thompson, R. (2007). Microplastic—an emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management: An International Journal, 3(4), 559-561.
Campbell, S. H., Williamson, P. R. and Hall, B. D. (2017). Microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of fish and the water from an urban prairie creek. Facets, 2(1), 395-409.
Cortés-Altamirano, R., Alonso-Rodríguez, R. and Salas-de-León, D. A. (2019). Historical observations of algal blooms in Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico (1979-2014). PloS one, 14(1), e0210631.
Crawford, C. and Quinn, B. (2017). The interactions of microplastics and chemical pollutants. Microplastic Pollutants, 131-157.
Dabiri, M. (2008). Environmental pollution (air, water, soil, noise). Vol. I, 102-133.
Dale, B. (1977). Cysts of the toxic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech from Oslofjorden, Norway. Sarsia, 63(1), 29-34.
Do Sul, J. A. I., Costa, M. F., Silva-Cavalcanti, J. S. and Araújo, M. C. B. (2014). Plastic debris retention and exportation by a mangrove forest patch. Marine pollution bulletin, 78(1-2), 252-257.
Downs, C., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Fauth, J. E., Segal, R., Bronstein, O., Jeger, R., . . . Kushmaro, A. (2014). Toxicological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, benzophenone-2, on planulae and in vitro cells of the coral, Stylophora pistillata. Ecotoxicology, 23(2), 175-191.
Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Fuller, W. J., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., . . . Omeyer, L. C. (2019). Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine turtles. Global change biology, 25(2), 744-752.
Esmaili, Z. and Naji, A. (2018). Comparison of the Frequency, Type and Shape of Microplastics in the Low and High Tidal of the Coastline of Bandar Abbas. Journal of Oceanography, 8(32), 53-61. DOI:10.29252/joc.8.32.53, [In Persian].
Friedman, M. A., Fleming, L. E., Fernandez, M., Bienfang, P., Schrank, K., Dickey, R., . . . Weisman, R. (2008). Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Marine drugs, 6(3), 456-479.
Gall, S. C. and Thompson, R. C. (2015). The impact of debris on marine life. Marine pollution bulletin, 92(1-2), 170-179.
Galloway, T. S., Cole, M. and Lewis, C. (2017). Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(5), 1-8.
Ghasemi, S., Zakaria, M., Abdul-Hamid, H., Yusof, E., Danehkar, A. and Rajpar, M. N. (2010). A review of mangrove value and conservation strategy by local communities in Hormozgan province, Iran. Journal of American Science, 6(10), 329-338.
Ghattavi, K., Naji, A. and Kord, S. (2019). Investigation of microplastic contamination in the gastrointestinal tract of some species of caught fish from Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 12(1), 141-150.
Goldstein, M. C., Rosenberg, M. and Cheng, L. (2012). Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biology letters, 8(5), 817-820.
Grattan, L. M., Holobaugh, S. and Morris Jr, J. G. (2016). Harmful algal blooms and public health. Harmful algae, 57, 2-8.
Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., Cembella, A. D. and Enevoldsen, H. (2004). Manual on harmful marine microalgae: Unesco.
Hatami Manesh, M., Mirzaei, M., Gholamali Fard, M., Riyahi Bakhtiyari, A. R. and Sadeghi, M. (2015). Evaluation of copper, zinc, and chromium concentration in landfill soil and hospital waste ash of Shahrekord municipal solid waste landfill. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 8(1), 57-66, [In Persian].
Iwataki, M., Kawami, H., Mizushima, K., Mikulski, C. M., Doucette, G. J., Relox Jr, J. R., . . . Matsuoka, K. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) inferred from LSU rDNA sequences. Harmful algae, 7(3), 271-277.
Karami, B., Shahsavari, D. and Janghorban, M. (2018). Wave propagation analysis in functionally graded (FG) nanoplates under in-plane magnetic field based on nonlocal strain gradient theory and four variable refined plate theory. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 25(12), 1047-1057.
Kasassi, A., Rakimbei, P., Karagiannidis, A., Zabaniotou, A., Tsiouvaras, K., Nastis, A. and Tzafeiropoulou, K. (2008). Soil contamination by heavy metals: Measurements from a closed unlined landfill. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 8578-8584.
Kazem Nezhad, F., Ahmadi, T., Shykholeslami, A., Zal Nezhad, H. and Behjoo, A. (2011). Investigation on the Effect of Wastewater on Forest Trees (Case Study: Forest Palhamkooti). Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 6(3), 43-52, [In Persian].
Kirkpatrick, B., Fleming, L. E., Squicciarini, D., Backer, L. C., Clark, R., Abraham, W., . . . Pierce, R. (2004). Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful algae, 3(2), 99-115.
LaGrega, M., Buckingham, P. and Evans, J. (2001). Hazard waste management, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hall. Inc., New York.
Lam, C. H., Ip, A. W., Barford, J. P. and McKay, G. (2010). Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2(7), 1943-1968.
Lamb, J. B., Willis, B. L., Fiorenza, E. A., Couch, C. S., Howard, R., Rader, D. N., . . . Jompa, J. (2018). Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science, 359(6374), 460-462.
Lee, S. Y., Primavera, J. H., Dahdouh‐Guebas, F., McKee, K., Bosire, J. O., Cannicci, S., . . . Marchand, C. (2014). Ecological role and services of tropical mangrove ecosystems: a reassessment. Global ecology and biogeography, 23(7), 726-743.
Li, R., Zhang, L., Xue, B. and Wang, Y. (2019). Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the mangrove sediment of the semi-enclosed Maowei Sea of the south China sea: New implications for location, rhizosphere, and sediment compositions. Environmental pollution, 244, 685-692.
Loghmani, M. and Sadeghi, P. (2016). Distribution and Diversity of Hard Corals in Chabahar bay (Oman sea). Journal of Animal Environment, 7(4), 105-116, [In Persian].
Long, M., Moriceau, B., Gallinari, M., Lambert, C., Huvet, A., Raffray, J. and Soudant, P. (2015). Interactions between microplastics and phytoplankton aggregates: Impact on their respective fates. Marine Chemistry, 175, 39-46.
Long, Y.-Y., Shen, D.-S., Wang, H.-T., Lu, W.-J. and Zhao, Y. (2011). Heavy metal source analysis in municipal solid waste (MSW): case study on Cu and Zn. Journal of hazardous materials, 186(2-3), 1082-1087.
Lovern, S. B. and Klaper, R. (2006). Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 25(4), 1132-1137.
Majer, A. P., Vedolin, M. C. and Turra, A. (2012). Plastic pellets as oviposition site and means of dispersal for the ocean-skater insect Halobates. Marine pollution bulletin, 64(6), 1143-1147.
Matsuoka, K. and Iwataki, M. (2004). Present status in study on a harmful unarmored dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef. Bull Plankton Soc Japan, 51, 38-45.
McHugh, D. J. (1987). Production, properties and uses of alginates. Production and Utilization of Products from Commercial Seaweeds. FAO. Fish. Tech. Pap, 288, 58-115.
Mehrabadi, A. R., Kazemi, M. J., Haghighat, G. A. and Shakeri, H. (2019). Effects of Micro-Plastics in the Environment and Aqueous. Journal of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, 5(2), 1-14, [In Persian].
Mertens, K. N., Aydin, H., Uzar, S., Takano, Y., Yamaguchi, A. and Matsuoka, K. (2015). Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. Journal of phycology, 51(3), 560-573.
Milani, A. S. (2018). Mangrove forests of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. In Threats to Mangrove Forests (pp. 53-75): Springer.
Mohamed, Z. A. and Al-Shehri, A. M. (2011). Occurrence and germination of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the Red Sea off the coasts of Saudi Arabia. Oceanologia, 53(1), 121-136.
Nagi, H. M. and Abubakr, M. M. (2013). Threats status to the mangrove ecosystem along the coastal zone of Yemen. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, 24(1), 101.
Naji, A., Nuri, M., Amiri, P. and Niyogi, S. (2019). Small microplastic particles (S-MPPs) in sediments of mangrove ecosystem on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Marine pollution bulletin, 146, 305-311.
Naser, H. A. (2014). Marine ecosystem diversity in the Arabian Gulf: threats and conservation. Biodiversity–The Dynamic Balance of the Planet, 297-328.
Nayak, B. and Karunasagar, I. (1997). Influence of bacteria on growth and hemolysin production by the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae. Marine Biology, 130(1), 35-39.
Nelms, S. E., Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., . . . Godley, B. J. (2016). Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(2), 165-181.
Orlova, T. Y. and Morozova, T. (2009). Resting stages of microalgae in recent marine sediments of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian journal of marine biology, 35(4), 313-322.
Pagliara, P. and Caroppo, C. (2012). Toxicity assessment of Amphidinium carterae, Coolia cfr. monotis and Ostreopsis cfr. ovata (Dinophyta) isolated from the northern Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Toxicon, 60(6), 1203-1214.
Paparella, F., Xu, C., Vaughan, G. O. and Burt, J. A. (2019). Coral bleaching in the Persian/Arabian Gulf is modulated by summer winds. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 205.
Peyghan, R., Rezaei, A., Dezfuly, Z. T. and Halimi, M. (2019). Gill lesions and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a dense bloom of Heterosigma-like algae in Khuzestan province. Iranian journal of veterinary research, 20(1), 64.
Piramoon moghaddam, S. and karkhane yousefi, m. (2012). Microplastics in the Marine Environment. Basparesh, 2(1), 42-51. DOI:10.22063/basparesh.2012.935
Pospelova, V., Chmura, G. L., Boothman, W. S. and Latimer, J. S. (2005). Spatial distribution of modern dinoflagellate cysts in polluted estuarine sediments from Buzzards Bay (Massachusetts, USA) embayments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292, 23-40.
Prabpai, S., Charerntanyarak, L., Siri, B. and Moore, M. R. (2007). Agronomic Properties and Heavy Metals Content in Soil Reclaimed from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Development of A Knowledge-Based System for Foundry Waste Recycling. Journal of Solid Waste Technology & Management, 33(2).
Rezvanipoor, M., Alikhani, F. and Pazooki, M. (2012). Management of biodegradable plastic waste and reduction of environmental problems caused by their conversion into useful hydrocarbon fuels. Paper presented at the National Conference on Makran Coastal Development and Maritime Authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Rochman, C. M., Tahir, A., Williams, S. L., Baxa, D. V., Lam, R., Miller, J. T., . . . Teh, S. J. (2015). Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Scientific reports, 5, 14340.
Ryan, P. G., Moore, C. J., van Franeker, J. A. and Moloney, C. L. (2009). Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1999-2012.
Saeed, L. and Zevenhoven, R. (2002). Comparison between two-stage waste combustion with HCl recovery and conventional incineration plants. Energy Sources, 24(1), 41-57.
Sale, P. F., Feary, D. A., Burt, J. A., Bauman, A. G., Cavalcante, G. H., Drouillard, K. G., . . . Usseglio, P. (2011). The growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the Persian Gulf. Ambio, 40(1), 4-17.
Segura-Muñoz, S., Takayanagui, A., Trevilato, T., Santos, C. and Hering, S. (2004). Trace metal distribution in surface soil in the area of a municipal solid waste landfill and a medical waste incinerator. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 72(1), 157-164.
Shakouri, A. and Agheli, E. (2014). Distribution, abundance and diversity of Polychaetes in the Intertidal Zone of Konarak crab Island. Marine Biology, 6(1), 59-72, [In Persian].
Sharma, S. and Chatterjee, S. (2017). Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(27), 21530-21547.
Slack, R., Gronow, J. and Voulvoulis, N. (2005). Household hazardous waste in municipal landfills: contaminants in leachate. Science of the total environment, 337(1-3), 119-137.
Sonneman, J. and Hill, D. (1997). A taxonomic survey of cyst-producing dinoflagellates from recent sediments of Victorian coastal waters, Australia. Botanica Marina, 40(1-6), 149-178.
Sprangers, M., Dammers, N., Brinkhuis, H., van Weering, T. C. and Lotter, A. F. (2004). Modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution offshore NW Iberia; tracing the upwelling system. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 128(1-2), 97-106.
Srivilai, D., Lirdwitayaprasit, T. and Fukuyo, Y. (2012). Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediment of the coastal areas in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Coastal marine science, 35(1), 11-19.
Talaei, F. and Heidari, E. (2015a). Obligations and Responsibility of States in the Protection and Conservation of Environment against Wastes, With an Emphasis on Hazardous Wastes. Public Law Researsh, 16(45), 165-200, [In Persian].
Talaei, F. and Heidari, E. (2015b). The Role of International Organizations in Combating Environmental Pollution Resulting from Wastes. Journal of Legal Studies, 7(2), 123-171. DOI:10.22099/jls.2015.3215, [In Persian].
Tomas, C. R. and Smayda, T. J. (2008). Red tide blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in a coastal cove. Harmful algae, 7(3), 308-317.
Tri, N. H., Adger, W. N. and Kelly, P. (1998). Natural resource management in mitigating climate impacts: the example of mangrove restoration in Vietnam. Global Environmental Change, 8(1), 49-61.
Triki, H. Z., Daly-Yahia, O. K., Malouche, D., Komiha, Y., Deidun, A. and Brahim, M. (2014). Distribution of resting cysts of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax in recently-deposited sediment within Bizerte Lagoon (Mediterranean coast, Tunisia). Marine pollution bulletin, 84(1-2), 172-181.
Usenko, C. Y., Harper, S. L. and Tanguay, R. L. (2008). Fullerene C60 exposure elicits an oxidative stress response in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 229(1), 44-55.
Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A. and Da Ros, L. (2013). Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130, 54-61.
Wang, Z., Matsuoka, K., Qi, Y. and Chen, J. (2004). Dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from Chinese coastal waters. Marine Ecology, 25(4), 289-311.
White, E. M., Clark, S., Manire, C. A., Crawford, B., Wang, S., Locklin, J. and Ritchie, B. W. (2018). Ingested micronizing plastic particle compositions and size distributions within stranded post-hatchling sea turtles. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10307-10316.
Wilcox, C., Puckridge, M., Schuyler, Q. A., Townsend, K. and Hardesty, B. D. (2018). A quantitative analysis linking sea turtle mortality and plastic debris ingestion. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-11.
Zare Jeddi, M., Rastkari, N., Ahmadkhaniha, R., Alimohammadi, M. and Yunesian, M. (2015). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic assessment of phthalates exposure through consumption of bottled water during the storage time. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 8(1), 97-108.
Zare, R. Asefi, M. Ali and Sinaei, M. (2019). Plastic wastes and their effects on sea turtles on the Iranian coast of the Oman Sea. Paper presented at the 1sd conference of Enviromental Challengs with emphasis on plastics waste, Iran, [In Persian].
Zhao, L., Zhang, F.-S., Wang, K. and Zhu, J. (2009). Chemical properties of heavy metals in typical hospital waste incinerator ashes in China. Waste Management, 29(3), 1114-1121.
Zhou, L., Zheng, T., Wang, X., Ye, J., Tian, Y. and Hong, H. (2007). Effect of five Chinese traditional medicines on the biological activity of a red-tide causing alga—Alexandrium tamarense. Harmful algae, 6(3), 354-360.
Zitko, V. and Hanlon, M. (1991). Another source of pollution by plastics: skin cleaners with plastic scrubbers. Marine pollution bulletin, 22(1), 41-42.
)