نوع مقاله : مقاله کوتاه

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به افزایش جمعیت و تولید پساب بیش­تر و وجود منابع محدود آب، استفاده از پساب انسانی در انجام فعالیت­های کشاورزی یک ضرورت است. پژوهش کیفی حاضر ضمن بررسی پیامدهای کاربرد پساب، به دنبال تدوین راهکارهای مناسب جهت کاربست پساب در فعالیت­ های کشاورزی روستای بلان استان کردستان است. با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری ملاک محور 14 نفر از کشاورزان به عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از روش مصاحبه نیمه ساختارمند و مشاهده مستقیم بهره گرفته شد. اعتبار یافته­ها از طریق سه­ گوشه ­سازی تأیید و تحلیل داده­های کیفی با استفاده از نرم­افزار  Maxqda انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش سطح زیر کشت، افزایش عملکرد، تأمین آب و مصرف کمتر کود شیمیایی از پیامدهای مثبت استفاده از پساب هستند. همچنین افزایش آفات، افزایش علف­های هرز، بروز ناراحتی­ های جسمی و روحی، بوی نامطبوع، کاهش کیفیت خاک، آلودگی محیط­زیست روستا و افزایش مهاجرت از پیامدهای منفی استفاده از پساب به­شمار می­روند. استفاده از استانداردها برای تصفیه پساب، تهیه نقشه حساسیت خاک، استفاده از روش آبیاری مناسب، توجه به نوع گیاه و ضدعفونی کردن پساب نیز از جمله راهکارهای پیشنهادی بهره ­برداران هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Development of Appropriate Strategies for the Use of Wastewater in Agricultural Activities (Case Study: Belan Village, Kurdistan Province, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • shahpar Geravandi 1
  • Fatemeh Ghorbani 2
  • Siavosh Ghanbari 3

1 Assisst. Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Assist. Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

3 M.Sc .Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Due to the increase in population and more wastewater production and the existence of limited water resources, the use of human wastewater in agricultural activities is a necessity. The present qualitative research, while investigating the consequences of the use of wastewater, seeks to develop appropriate strategies for the use of wastewater in agricultural activities in the village of Belan, Kurdestan province. Using the criterion-based sampling method, 14 farmers were studied as a sample. Semi-structured interviews and direct observation were used to collect information. The validity of the findings was confirmed by triangulation and Qualitative data analysis was performed using Maxqda software. The results showed that increasing the area under cultivation, increasing yield, water supply, and less use of chemical fertilizers are positive impacts of wastewater use. Moreover, the increase of pests, increase of weeds, occurrence of physical and mental disorders, unpleasant odor, a decrease in soil quality, pollution of the rural environment, and increase in migration are among the negative impacts of using wastewater. The use of standards for wastewater treatment, preparation of soil sensitivity map, use of the appropriate irrigation method, attention to plant type, and disinfection of wastewater are also among the strategies suggested by users.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Belan Village
  • Environment
  • Kurdistan
  • Qualitative Research
  • Wastewater
Alinezhadian A., Mohammadi, J., Karimi, A. and Nikookhah, F. (2014). Effect of municipal effluent irrigation on accumulation of indicator bacteria and some of heavy metal in soil and plant. Cell. Molecul. Res. (Iran. J. Bio.), 26(4), 508- 523 [In Persian]. DOI: 20.1001.1.23832738.1392.26.4.10.7.
Bhardwaj, A. K., Goldstein, D., Azenkot, A. and Levy, G. J. (2007). Irrigation with treated wastewater under two different irrigation methods: Effects on hydraulic conductivity of a clay soil. Geoderm., 140, 199–206. DOI: 101016/i.geoderma.2007.04.003206.
Brar, M. S., Mahli, S. S., Singh, A. P., Arora, C. L. and Gill, K. S. (2000). Sewage water irrigation effects on some potentially toxic trace elements in soil and Potato plants in north western India. Can. J. Soil Sci., 80,465-471. DOI: 10.4141/S99-106.
Castro, E., Manas, M. P. and De Las Heras, J. (2011). Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and turf grass growth. Water Sci. Technol., 63, 1678-1688. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.335.
Dehghanisanij, H., Zounemat-Kermani, M. and Asadi, R. (2014). Application of municipal wastewater in irrigation of corn under furrow and drip irrigation systems. Iran. J. Irrig. Drain., 8(47), 423- 429 [ In Persian].
Delavar, A. (2004). Theoretical and practical foundations of research. Roshd Publication. 
Fatta, D., Arslan Alaton, I., Gokcay, C., Rusan, M., Mountadar, M. and Papadopoulos, A. (2005). Wastewater reuse: problems and challenges in Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan and Morocco. Europ. Water, 11/12, 63-69.
Gatta, G., Libutti, A., Gagliardi, A., Beneduce, L., Brusetti, L., Borruso, L., Disciglio, G. and Tarantino, E. (2015). Treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation of tomato crop: effects on qualitative/quantitative characteristics of production and microbiological properties of the soil. Agri. Water Manage., 149, 33-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.016.
Ghasemi, S. A., Danesh, A. and Alizadeh, A. 2012. Feasibility study of using drip system in irrigation with effluent from wastewater treatment plants in Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and drainage, 6 (3), 152-162. [In Persian].
Hosseinnejad Mir, A., Maleki, A. and Alinejadian Bidabadi, A. (2019). Effect of different levels of irrigation with treated urban wastewater on soil chemical elements accumulation. J. Water Irrig. Manage., 8(2), 235-265 [In Persian].
Hussain, I., Raschid, L., Hanjra, M. A., Marikar, F. and Van Der Hoek, W. (2002). Wastewater use in agriculture: review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts. Working Paper 37, Colombo, Seri Lanka, International Water Management Institute.
Intizar, H., Raschid, L., Hanjra, M. A., Mankar, F. and Van Der Hock, W. (2001). A framework for analyzing socioeconomic. Health and environmental impacts of wastewater use in agriculture in developing countries: Working Paper 26. Colombo, Seri Lanka, International Water Management Institute, IWM.
Keller, C., McGrath, S. P. and Dunham, S. J. (2002). Trace metal leaching through a soil grassland system after sewage sludge application. J. Environ., 31, 1550-1560.
Kianian, A., Hashemi, H. and Soufizadeh, S. (2018). The Effects of raw wastewater use on soil parameters. Environ. Develop. J., 8(16), 19-28 [In Persian].
Kurdestan Province Agricultural Jihad Organization. (2020). Statistics and information of the villages of Kamyaran city [In Persian].
Libe, J. and Adakanian, R. (2013). Proceedings of the UN-Water project on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. Germany, UNW-DPC, Bonn.
Lohrasbi, K. (2016). The use of effluent in agriculture as a solution to increase irrigation efficiency, the first national conference on modern research in agriculture and animal sciences, Tehran, https://civilica.com/doc/511591 [In Persian].
Mariolakos, I. (2007). Water resources management in the framework of sustainable development. Desal., 213, 147-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.05.062.
Masona, C., Loveness, M., Stenly, M. and Revai, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in wastewater irrigated soil and uptake by maize plants (Zea Mays L) at Firle farm in Harare. J. Sustain. Develop., 4, 132-137. DOI: 10.5539/JSD.V4N6P132.
Nasseri S, Sadeghi T, Vaezi F. and Naddafi K. (2013). Quality of Ardabil wastewater treatment plant effluent for reuse in agriculture. J. Health, 3(3), 73-80 [In Persian].
Nazari, M. A., Shariatmadari, H., Afyuni, M., Mobli, M. and Rahili. S. (2006). Effect of industrial sewage-sludge and effluents application on concentration of some elements and dry matter yield of wheat, barley and corn. J. Water Soil Sci., 10 (3), 97-111 [In Persian].
Petz, B. (2010). Transforming wastewater to benefit human health, agriculture and the environment. United Nations Environmental Programme, (UNEP).
Rusan, M, J, M., Hinnawi, S. and Rousan, L. (2007). Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage crops on soil and plant quality parameters. Desal., 215(1-3), 143-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.10.032.
Schaht, K., Gonster, S., Juschke, E., Chen, Y., Tarchitzky, J., Al-Bakri, J., Al-Karablieh, E. and Marschner, B. (2011). Evaluation of soil sensitivity towards the irrigation with treated wastewater in the Jordan River region. Water, 3, 1092-1111.
Taheriyon, M., Alavi, V. and Ahmadi, A. (2016). Risk analysis of the use of treated wastewater in agriculture using the Bayesian network. Amir Kabir Sci. Res. J. Civil Eng. Environ., 48(1), 101-110 [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22060/CEEJ.2016.372.
Teddie, C. and Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating qualitative techniques in the social and behavioral sciences. SAGE, London.
Vali, A., Barabadi, H.  and Amirahmadi, A. (2016). Determination and evaluation of cropping pattern with municipal effluent for reclamation of desert lands (case study: wastewater treatment plant in Sabzevar city). J. Arid Reg. Geogra. Stud., 7(25), 37-47 [In Persian].
World Health Organization. (2006). WHO guideline for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater, Vol. 2 wastewater use in agriculture, France, World Health Organization.
Yazdani, A., Saffari, M. and Ranjbar, G. (2018). Effects of irrigation with treated wastewater on yield and grain heavy metals content of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. Iran. J. Crop Sci., 19(4), 296-284 [ In Persian]. DOI: ‎ 20.1001.1.15625540.1396.19.4.2.4.