Iranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Use of Decision Tree Algorithm to Model 2,4-D Herbicide Removal Process from Water by Rice Husk BiocharUse of Decision Tree Algorithm to Model 2,4-D Herbicide Removal Process from Water by Rice Husk Biochar11415341010.22034/ewe.2022.332084.1736FAMehdi BahramiAssoc. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran0000-0002-9935-7899Anahita ZareM.Sc. Student, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, IranMohammad Javad AmiriAssoc. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran0000-0002-2633-0572Journal Article20220301This study modeled the adsorption process of 2,4-D pollutant from the aqueous medium by rice husk biochar adsorbent using CART and CHAID decision tree algorithms. The effect of contact time (0-120 min), temperature (20-60<sup> o</sup>C), initial concentration of contaminant (60-600 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.05-0.2 g), and pH (2-9) was examined on the adsorption capacity. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity reached the maximum at pH=5.50 and the temperature lower than 30 <sup>o</sup>C. The outputs of both models showed that the initial concentration of the contaminant and the adsorbent dose had the most significant effect on the adsorption capacity, increasing with the initial concentration increment and the adsorbent dose decrement. At the initial concentration of less than 350 mg/L and the adsorbent dose of less than 0.08 g, the maximum adsorption capacity was 37.1 mg/g. The CART model, with an R<sup>2</sup> of 98.1%, showed higher performance than the CHAID model, with a 97.7% value, in estimating the adsorption capacity of rice husk biochar. Rice husk biochar (BRH) can be used as a suitable adsorbent to remove 2,4-D herbicide from water due to its low initial cost, high physical and chemical capability, and high ability to remove the studied contaminant.This study modeled the adsorption process of 2,4-D pollutant from the aqueous medium by rice husk biochar adsorbent using CART and CHAID decision tree algorithms. The effect of contact time (0-120 min), temperature (20-60<sup> o</sup>C), initial concentration of contaminant (60-600 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.05-0.2 g), and pH (2-9) was examined on the adsorption capacity. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity reached the maximum at pH=5.50 and the temperature lower than 30 <sup>o</sup>C. The outputs of both models showed that the initial concentration of the contaminant and the adsorbent dose had the most significant effect on the adsorption capacity, increasing with the initial concentration increment and the adsorbent dose decrement. At the initial concentration of less than 350 mg/L and the adsorbent dose of less than 0.08 g, the maximum adsorption capacity was 37.1 mg/g. The CART model, with an R<sup>2</sup> of 98.1%, showed higher performance than the CHAID model, with a 97.7% value, in estimating the adsorption capacity of rice husk biochar. Rice husk biochar (BRH) can be used as a suitable adsorbent to remove 2,4-D herbicide from water due to its low initial cost, high physical and chemical capability, and high ability to remove the studied contaminant.http://www.jewe.ir/article_153410_a6d145ba5070923e19a80f16c73d76f7.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Structural Engineering of Activated Carbon Fibers Derived from Cigarette Butts for Fast Oily Materials AdsorptionStructural Engineering of Activated Carbon Fibers Derived from Cigarette Butts for Fast Oily Materials Adsorption152814461410.22034/jewe.2022.321575.1702FAZahra RanjkeshM.Sc. Student, Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-5965-9569Fatemeh Sadat MousaviM.Sc. Student, Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-6764-2775Komeil NasouriAssist. Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-5177-2631Journal Article20211226In recent years, an effective recycling process from smoked cigarette butts is the main challenge for decreasing the worldwide environmental pollution. Therefore, low-cost activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are synthesized by a carbonization/ activation process derived from smoked cigarette filters, in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) acts as the chemical activation agent. The KOH-treated filters were added to a tube oven and heated at various rates and held at 800 °C for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of various synthesis procedures on surface morphology, microstructure, and porosity of the synthesized ACFs were investigated. The surface morphology and microstructural analysis of ACFs displayed that the porous spots and oxygen-containing groups (COOH, –OH, and C=O) are formed on the surfaces of fibers. The obtained results displayed that the synthesized ACFs have developed porous structures with fibrous shapes. The ACFs with maximum carbon yield, surface area, and total pore volume of 29.41 %, 855 m<sup>2</sup>/g, and 0.7431 cm<sup>3</sup>/g were synthesized at a KOH concentration of 10 g/l, a heating rate of 2 °C/min, and carbonization temperature of 800 °C. This study presented an engineering process for the production of ACFs through recycling smoked cigarette butts with chemical activation protocol.In recent years, an effective recycling process from smoked cigarette butts is the main challenge for decreasing the worldwide environmental pollution. Therefore, low-cost activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are synthesized by a carbonization/ activation process derived from smoked cigarette filters, in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) acts as the chemical activation agent. The KOH-treated filters were added to a tube oven and heated at various rates and held at 800 °C for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of various synthesis procedures on surface morphology, microstructure, and porosity of the synthesized ACFs were investigated. The surface morphology and microstructural analysis of ACFs displayed that the porous spots and oxygen-containing groups (COOH, –OH, and C=O) are formed on the surfaces of fibers. The obtained results displayed that the synthesized ACFs have developed porous structures with fibrous shapes. The ACFs with maximum carbon yield, surface area, and total pore volume of 29.41 %, 855 m<sup>2</sup>/g, and 0.7431 cm<sup>3</sup>/g were synthesized at a KOH concentration of 10 g/l, a heating rate of 2 °C/min, and carbonization temperature of 800 °C. This study presented an engineering process for the production of ACFs through recycling smoked cigarette butts with chemical activation protocol.http://www.jewe.ir/article_144614_d459841fa04ec2791fde2a00cd8ef026.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Effect of Mycorrhiza Fungi and Seaweed Biofertilizer on Soil Physicochemical Properties Under Deficit Irrigation Conditions in Fenugreek CultivationEffect of Mycorrhiza Fungi and Seaweed Biofertilizer on Soil Physicochemical Properties Under Deficit Irrigation Conditions in Fenugreek Cultivation294415116910.22034/jewe.2022.336142.1760FANeda Alipour-YosefvandM.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, IranAfsaneh Alinejadian-BidabadiAssist. Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran0000-0001-5669-2489Amir LakzianProfessor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000000339725802Abbas MalekiAssist. Professor, Department of water engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran0000000163672793Journal Article20220406To investigate the effect of biofertilizers in reducing the effect of water stress in fenugreek, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks with three replications of water stress treatments at five levels and biofertilizer at four levels in a pot in the greenhouse. The characteristics of shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll (a and b), electrical conductivity, pH, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase of the soil were investigated. The results showed that under no stress conditions and mycorrhiza fertilizer, the most shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, mean diameter weight and urease enzyme were 4.12 g/pot, 0.75 g/l, 13.25 (mg/g leaf wet weight), 0.77 mm and 89.94 (mg/g leaf wet weight), respectively. Mycorrhiza fertilizer under stress conditions increased shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b, soil electrical conductivity, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase, while it decreased soil pH compared with not using biofertilizer in these conditionsTo investigate the effect of biofertilizers in reducing the effect of water stress in fenugreek, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks with three replications of water stress treatments at five levels and biofertilizer at four levels in a pot in the greenhouse. The characteristics of shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll (a and b), electrical conductivity, pH, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase of the soil were investigated. The results showed that under no stress conditions and mycorrhiza fertilizer, the most shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, mean diameter weight and urease enzyme were 4.12 g/pot, 0.75 g/l, 13.25 (mg/g leaf wet weight), 0.77 mm and 89.94 (mg/g leaf wet weight), respectively. Mycorrhiza fertilizer under stress conditions increased shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b, soil electrical conductivity, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase, while it decreased soil pH compared with not using biofertilizer in these conditionshttp://www.jewe.ir/article_151169_5705a2e20a98d5e599b562e56f8f7656.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Scaling and Corrosion Quality Zoning of Groundwaters in Bijar-Divandere Plain, Kurdistan ProvinceScaling and Corrosion Quality Zoning of Groundwaters in Bijar-Divandere Plain, Kurdistan Province456014395710.22034/jewe.2022.322892.1707FAHoushang GhamarniaProfessor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0003-2106-1075Seyedeh Somayeh Enayati HosseiniM.Sc. Alumni, Department of Water Resource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20220103The groundwater quality changes of the Bijar-Divandere Plain located in Kurdistan Province, for scaling and corrosion, by using the information during the years 2009 to 2018 and for each year, two months of June and October were selected as high and low groundwater conditions in the GIS environment, respectively. Moreover, by evaluating various indicators to determine corrosion and scaling, valid indicators such as Langelier, Ryznar, and Pocorius for industrial use, scaling and corrosion analysis wewassed. The results of mentioned indicators in general showed that the groundwater of the western and eastern parts of the plain was prone to corrosion and to scaling respectively. The Ryznar index also showed that the water quality of the center part of the plain is a neutral condition. It is recommended to use aeration to remove iron and manganese, cathodic protection, priming, glazing, and painting of the desired facilities in the western parts of the Bijar-Divandere plain to prevent water corrosion. Moreover, for the central parts to the east of the plain with water sedimentation properties and adverse effects on agriculture, industry, and health of the region, the use of scaling inhibitors such as the use of phosphate compounds and less extraction of water resources are recommended.The groundwater quality changes of the Bijar-Divandere Plain located in Kurdistan Province, for scaling and corrosion, by using the information during the years 2009 to 2018 and for each year, two months of June and October were selected as high and low groundwater conditions in the GIS environment, respectively. Moreover, by evaluating various indicators to determine corrosion and scaling, valid indicators such as Langelier, Ryznar, and Pocorius for industrial use, scaling and corrosion analysis wewassed. The results of mentioned indicators in general showed that the groundwater of the western and eastern parts of the plain was prone to corrosion and to scaling respectively. The Ryznar index also showed that the water quality of the center part of the plain is a neutral condition. It is recommended to use aeration to remove iron and manganese, cathodic protection, priming, glazing, and painting of the desired facilities in the western parts of the Bijar-Divandere plain to prevent water corrosion. Moreover, for the central parts to the east of the plain with water sedimentation properties and adverse effects on agriculture, industry, and health of the region, the use of scaling inhibitors such as the use of phosphate compounds and less extraction of water resources are recommended.http://www.jewe.ir/article_143957_7856b7f515d9bc9742d0ee79ac29143d.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Assessment of Precipitation Obtained from Gridded Data Bases in Southern Baluchestan BasinAssessment of Precipitation Obtained from Gridded Data Bases in Southern Baluchestan Basin617614800510.22034/jewe.2022.329479.1726FAMohsen RezaeiPhD Scholar, Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran0000-0003-3478-9866MEHDI ّAzhdary MoghaddamProfessor, Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran0000-0002-7915-5229Gholamreza AzizyanAssoc. Professor, Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran0000-0003-0938-3303Ali Akbar ShamsipurAssoc. Professor, Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8606-4571Journal Article20220213Precipitation is an important variable in hydrological studies. The high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation makes it difficult to monitor it with observations. The use of satellite data and weather models is a suitable solution for this problem. But, before using these data, their spatial and temporal accuracy should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of monthly precipitation data TRMM_3B43_V7, PERSIANN, and ECMWF-ERA5 in comparison with the data of 13 observation stations in the South Baluchestan basin during the period 2000 to 2018. For statistical evaluation of the mentioned data, the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), N-S efficiency factor, the degree of bias (BIAS), index agreement (IA), and ratio root mean square error (RRMSE) were used. The results showed that the best performance was exhibited by TRMM (R<sup>2</sup>=0.624) and ERA5 (R<sup>2</sup>=0.562), respectively. PERSIANN data (R<sup>2</sup>=0.307) did not provide an accurate estimate of precipitation. TRMM data are usually better estimated in areas far from the sea, which usually have higher elevations and receive more precipitation. The TRMM data is overestimated and the ERA5 data is underestimated. Data from both databases performed better in the winter months.Precipitation is an important variable in hydrological studies. The high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation makes it difficult to monitor it with observations. The use of satellite data and weather models is a suitable solution for this problem. But, before using these data, their spatial and temporal accuracy should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of monthly precipitation data TRMM_3B43_V7, PERSIANN, and ECMWF-ERA5 in comparison with the data of 13 observation stations in the South Baluchestan basin during the period 2000 to 2018. For statistical evaluation of the mentioned data, the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), N-S efficiency factor, the degree of bias (BIAS), index agreement (IA), and ratio root mean square error (RRMSE) were used. The results showed that the best performance was exhibited by TRMM (R<sup>2</sup>=0.624) and ERA5 (R<sup>2</sup>=0.562), respectively. PERSIANN data (R<sup>2</sup>=0.307) did not provide an accurate estimate of precipitation. TRMM data are usually better estimated in areas far from the sea, which usually have higher elevations and receive more precipitation. The TRMM data is overestimated and the ERA5 data is underestimated. Data from both databases performed better in the winter months.http://www.jewe.ir/article_148005_5d5037ff8ec4a834199feae16130238b.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Investigation of Mathematical Model and Development of I-JAYA Method to Optimally Estimate the Parameters of Soil Water Retention CurveInvestigation of Mathematical Model and Development of I-JAYA Method to Optimally Estimate the Parameters of Soil Water Retention Curve779414697010.22034/jewe.2022.321447.1705FAReza AskaryPhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-9188-593XMohsen NajarchiAssoc. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-7128-9970Hossein MazaheriAssist. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0003-4461-5018Journal Article20220101Direct soil water retention curve (SWRC) measurement is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. To estimate its parameters, mathematical models and optimization approaches are applied. In this study, an improved alternative method to solve the optimization problem was introduced and developed. To evaluate the efficiency of this method, 12 soil samples with 6 different textures from 9 different regions of the world were used. The optimization equations were solved using a genetic algorithm (GA) and standard mathematical models, and the best model was chosen based on Taylor diagrams, R<sup>2</sup>, and computing time. The Bimodal versions of Fredlund-Xing (FX-b) and Brooks-Corney (BC) mathematical models represented the best and poorest findings of this stage, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.913 and 0.825, respectively. Then, the optimization problem is solved with differential evolution (DE), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Jaya, and improved Jaya (I-Jaya) method, and the mean values of R<sup>2</sup> were obtained 0.919, 0.931, 0.921, and 0.958, respectively. The results indicated a 16% improvement in the average R<sup>2</sup>, by selecting the suitable mathematical model and also using the I-Jaya.Direct soil water retention curve (SWRC) measurement is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. To estimate its parameters, mathematical models and optimization approaches are applied. In this study, an improved alternative method to solve the optimization problem was introduced and developed. To evaluate the efficiency of this method, 12 soil samples with 6 different textures from 9 different regions of the world were used. The optimization equations were solved using a genetic algorithm (GA) and standard mathematical models, and the best model was chosen based on Taylor diagrams, R<sup>2</sup>, and computing time. The Bimodal versions of Fredlund-Xing (FX-b) and Brooks-Corney (BC) mathematical models represented the best and poorest findings of this stage, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.913 and 0.825, respectively. Then, the optimization problem is solved with differential evolution (DE), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Jaya, and improved Jaya (I-Jaya) method, and the mean values of R<sup>2</sup> were obtained 0.919, 0.931, 0.921, and 0.958, respectively. The results indicated a 16% improvement in the average R<sup>2</sup>, by selecting the suitable mathematical model and also using the I-Jaya.http://www.jewe.ir/article_146970_d9d54e57331248fa3eec72f8c96e5ca2.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Extreme Temperature by ETCCDI Indices (North and West of Iran)Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Extreme Temperature by ETCCDI Indices (North and West of Iran)9510814536310.22034/jewe.2022.322509.1706FAMojtaba Nassaji ZavarehAssist. Professor, Institute of Agricultural Education & Extension, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4561-0350Bagher GhermezcheshmehAssist. Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6827-6263Journal Article20220101Extreme climatic events are associated with climate changes. Understanding the diversifications in these events is important in planning to reduce their effects. In this research, using daily temperature data of 8 synoptic stations in the north and west of the country, 18 extreme temperature indices as defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection Indices (ETCCDI) were evaluated. The results showed that the temperature intensity indices at night had a higher trend than the temperature intensity indices during the day. The frequency of the hot night index and hot day index in most of the studied stations had a significant increasing trend. Moreover, the cool night frequency index had a negative and significant trend in the north and west of the country and showed a higher trend in the north of the country than in the west. The cool day frequency index was negative for both study areas. Cold extreme indices including the number of cold days, number of frost days, and cold spell duration index were obtained in both regions of the country with a negative trend. While warm indices showed the number of hot days, warm nights, and warm spell duration index with a positive and significant trend.Extreme climatic events are associated with climate changes. Understanding the diversifications in these events is important in planning to reduce their effects. In this research, using daily temperature data of 8 synoptic stations in the north and west of the country, 18 extreme temperature indices as defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection Indices (ETCCDI) were evaluated. The results showed that the temperature intensity indices at night had a higher trend than the temperature intensity indices during the day. The frequency of the hot night index and hot day index in most of the studied stations had a significant increasing trend. Moreover, the cool night frequency index had a negative and significant trend in the north and west of the country and showed a higher trend in the north of the country than in the west. The cool day frequency index was negative for both study areas. Cold extreme indices including the number of cold days, number of frost days, and cold spell duration index were obtained in both regions of the country with a negative trend. While warm indices showed the number of hot days, warm nights, and warm spell duration index with a positive and significant trend.http://www.jewe.ir/article_145363_0a74877dfdfb39e3859436c63d4dc3e7.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Numerical Modeling of Inflow into a Wet Bed with Complex Free-Surface Interactions using a Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics MethodNumerical Modeling of Inflow into a Wet Bed with Complex Free-Surface Interactions using a Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method10912616008310.22034/ewe.2022.356038.1800FAFaramarz JelvehgarM.Sc. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-4263-2538Hossein MahdizadehAssoc. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-1056-7583Mahdi MollazadehAssist. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-6086-1094Ahmad ShakibaeiniaAssoc. Professor, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Canada0000-0001-8219-1469Journal Article20220814The interaction between the surface flood and the drainage system’s outflow is an important source of uncertainty in urban flood modeling. In the present study, the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method was used to model the outflow from the drainage system, considering the effect of its interaction with the surface flood. To perform modeling, a new open boundary condition was defined. First, an experimental problem of dam-break propagation over a wet bed was modeled and the numerical results were compared with the experimental data. Investigations showed that the average error of the numerical model is about 2% and its maximum error is less than 4%. Then, to control the efficiency of the defined open boundary conditions, a problem of jet injection into the water tank was investigated. It was observed that the results of the numerical model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the problem of the inflow from the bottom and its interaction with the flow caused by the dam break was modeled and its results were interpreted and compared with a volume of the fluid numerical model. In general, the results showed that the developed numerical model has an acceptable accuracy in simulating complex flows.The interaction between the surface flood and the drainage system’s outflow is an important source of uncertainty in urban flood modeling. In the present study, the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method was used to model the outflow from the drainage system, considering the effect of its interaction with the surface flood. To perform modeling, a new open boundary condition was defined. First, an experimental problem of dam-break propagation over a wet bed was modeled and the numerical results were compared with the experimental data. Investigations showed that the average error of the numerical model is about 2% and its maximum error is less than 4%. Then, to control the efficiency of the defined open boundary conditions, a problem of jet injection into the water tank was investigated. It was observed that the results of the numerical model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the problem of the inflow from the bottom and its interaction with the flow caused by the dam break was modeled and its results were interpreted and compared with a volume of the fluid numerical model. In general, the results showed that the developed numerical model has an acceptable accuracy in simulating complex flows.http://www.jewe.ir/article_160083_c9a597ce242fa2d031f68dae1b59a7df.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Accuracy Assessment of Pistachio Climate Suitability Map Based on ROC CurveAccuracy Assessment of Pistachio Climate Suitability Map Based on ROC Curve12714016602810.22034/jewe.2021.262531.1486FAJamshid YarahmadiAssist. Professor, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-5217-047XAta AminiAssoc. Professor, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iranhttps://www.orcid.orGhobad RostamizadAssist. Professor, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran0000-0001-7931-4018Journal Article20201218The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the climate suitability map of pistachio planting in the northwestern provinces of the country. Accordingly, the climate suitability map of pistachio planting was prepared based on long-term meteorological data using weighted overlap modeling in GIS environment. The accuracy of the mentioned map was evaluated by comparing it with the pistachio orchards map that located in this area using the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC). The results showed that 33, 33.4, 60 and 12.4% of the study area in East and West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces are suitable for pistachio cultivation respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the mentioned provinces were calculated as 0.9, 0.8, 0.9, and 0.62, respectively, which in general indicates the high accuracy of the results. In Ardabil province, insufficient attention to the limitation of high relative humidity in different stages of pollination, and fruit growth in the construction of pistachio orchards has caused a low area AUC. Citing the results of the climate suitability of pistachio cultivation map can be a good guide for site selection of new orchards and therefore, the reduction of crop yield due to climatic hazards will be minimized.The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the climate suitability map of pistachio planting in the northwestern provinces of the country. Accordingly, the climate suitability map of pistachio planting was prepared based on long-term meteorological data using weighted overlap modeling in GIS environment. The accuracy of the mentioned map was evaluated by comparing it with the pistachio orchards map that located in this area using the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC). The results showed that 33, 33.4, 60 and 12.4% of the study area in East and West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces are suitable for pistachio cultivation respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the mentioned provinces were calculated as 0.9, 0.8, 0.9, and 0.62, respectively, which in general indicates the high accuracy of the results. In Ardabil province, insufficient attention to the limitation of high relative humidity in different stages of pollination, and fruit growth in the construction of pistachio orchards has caused a low area AUC. Citing the results of the climate suitability of pistachio cultivation map can be a good guide for site selection of new orchards and therefore, the reduction of crop yield due to climatic hazards will be minimized.http://www.jewe.ir/article_166028_9aa4d7d8850b0220f3214dee2cca03f2.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36839120230321Effect of Humic Acid and Vermicompost on Some Vegetative Indices and Proline Content of Catharanthus roseous under Low Water StressEffect of Humic Acid and Vermicompost on Some Vegetative Indices and Proline Content of Catharanthus roseous under Low Water Stress14115216677710.22034/ewe.2022.333951.1745FASaleh AlhverdiZadehM.Sc. Alumni, Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, IranElham DanaeeAssist. Professor, Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, IranID0000000324942011Journal Article20220313To investigate the effect of vermicompost (0, 25, and 50%) and humic acid (0, 50, and 100 mg/l) on some traits of <em>Catharanthus roseous</em> under low water stress (50 and 100% field capacity), a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in 1399 at greenhouse conditions.<em> Catharanthus roseous</em> cuttings were grown in a light and moist medium containing peat moss and leaf mold with humic acid and vermicompost treatments.<strong> </strong>Then low water stress was applied for one month. The results showed that low water stress of 50% FC caused a significant decrease in vegetative indices, cell membrane, and plant pigment and increased proline.<strong> </strong>The maximum shoot fresh weight and root dry weight, flowers number, anthocyanin, and total chlorophyll were recorded in 100% FC + humic acid 100 mg/l treatment, and the highest shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and membrane stability were obtained in 100% FC + 50% vermicompost treatment. The highest proline amount was obtained in 50% FC treatment and the lowest in 100% FC + humic acid 100 mg/l treatment. Therefore, according to the results, the use of vermicompost and humic acid can be recommended to reduce the negative effects of water stress in <em>Catharanthus roseous</em>.To investigate the effect of vermicompost (0, 25, and 50%) and humic acid (0, 50, and 100 mg/l) on some traits of <em>Catharanthus roseous</em> under low water stress (50 and 100% field capacity), a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in 1399 at greenhouse conditions.<em> Catharanthus roseous</em> cuttings were grown in a light and moist medium containing peat moss and leaf mold with humic acid and vermicompost treatments.<strong> </strong>Then low water stress was applied for one month. The results showed that low water stress of 50% FC caused a significant decrease in vegetative indices, cell membrane, and plant pigment and increased proline.<strong> </strong>The maximum shoot fresh weight and root dry weight, flowers number, anthocyanin, and total chlorophyll were recorded in 100% FC + humic acid 100 mg/l treatment, and the highest shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and membrane stability were obtained in 100% FC + 50% vermicompost treatment. The highest proline amount was obtained in 50% FC treatment and the lowest in 100% FC + humic acid 100 mg/l treatment. Therefore, according to the results, the use of vermicompost and humic acid can be recommended to reduce the negative effects of water stress in <em>Catharanthus roseous</em>.http://www.jewe.ir/article_166777_f0c1ad3b7ad5f4d5f27729a5b7404c66.pdf