Iranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Media Using Carbon-Alginate GranulesAdsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Media Using Carbon-Alginate Granules76577714337710.22034/jewe.2022.317408.1687FAMaryam FayaziAssist. Professor, Department of Environment, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-9385-136XJournal Article20211130In this study, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution on copper-alginate (Cu(II)-A) granules containing activated carbon derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PEtAC) with different experimental conditions was investigated. The composition and structure of the granules were characterized by SEM and BET methods. The effect of various variables including dye concentration, pH, adsorbent amount, and contact time was investigated by batch method. Equilibrium data were evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption isotherm fits well with the Langmuir model (0.9973), which shows that the MB dye adsorption on the granules is homogeneous. The maximum adsorption capacity under optimal conditions for the removal of MB was 86.96 mg/g. Kinetic data were analyzed using the first-order and second-order Lagergren equations. The quasi-second-order model showed the best fit for the synthetic studies (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9997). In addition, no obvious decrease was observed after up to five adsorption cycles, indicating that the PETAC/Cu (II) -A adsorbent has good stability and reusability. Overall, the results show that the prepared granules can be used an am efficient adsorbent for the treatment of colored effluents.In this study, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution on copper-alginate (Cu(II)-A) granules containing activated carbon derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PEtAC) with different experimental conditions was investigated. The composition and structure of the granules were characterized by SEM and BET methods. The effect of various variables including dye concentration, pH, adsorbent amount, and contact time was investigated by batch method. Equilibrium data were evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption isotherm fits well with the Langmuir model (0.9973), which shows that the MB dye adsorption on the granules is homogeneous. The maximum adsorption capacity under optimal conditions for the removal of MB was 86.96 mg/g. Kinetic data were analyzed using the first-order and second-order Lagergren equations. The quasi-second-order model showed the best fit for the synthetic studies (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9997). In addition, no obvious decrease was observed after up to five adsorption cycles, indicating that the PETAC/Cu (II) -A adsorbent has good stability and reusability. Overall, the results show that the prepared granules can be used an am efficient adsorbent for the treatment of colored effluents.http://www.jewe.ir/article_143377_64f4f8facdb7e53797f891d30efb898c.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Equilibrium and Kinetic study of Ibuprofen Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Carbon Sesame StrawEquilibrium and Kinetic study of Ibuprofen Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Carbon Sesame Straw77879514140410.22034/jewe.2021.310198.1648FABehrouz SohrabianPh.D. Scholar, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, IranSoheil Sobhan ArdakaniProfessor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0002-6038-0514Bahareh LorestaniAssoc. Professor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0002-5861-131XMehrdad CheraghiAssoc. Professor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, IranHeshmatollah NourmoradiAssoc. Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranJournal Article20211012Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, which affects the health of living organisms by causing pollution in water sources. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of modified carbon of straw and sesame stubble in removing ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, ammonium chloride, zinc chloride, and phosphoric acid were used to optimize the adsorbent. Also, the changes in the absorbent surface and its characteristics were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. After determining the optimal conditions of pH variables, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose, the surface adsorption process was investigated under three Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radoshkevich models. On the other hand, first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to process the adsorption data. The results showed that the surface adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model pseudo-second-order kinetics. pH, contact time, initial concentration of ibuprofen, and optimal adsorbent dose were 3, 120 min, 50 mg/l, and 0.10 g/l respectively at 25°C. The results of this study showed that agricultural residues such as straw and sesame stubble can be used as effective and cost-effective adsorbents to remove the remaining pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous solutions.Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, which affects the health of living organisms by causing pollution in water sources. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of modified carbon of straw and sesame stubble in removing ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, ammonium chloride, zinc chloride, and phosphoric acid were used to optimize the adsorbent. Also, the changes in the absorbent surface and its characteristics were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. After determining the optimal conditions of pH variables, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose, the surface adsorption process was investigated under three Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radoshkevich models. On the other hand, first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to process the adsorption data. The results showed that the surface adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model pseudo-second-order kinetics. pH, contact time, initial concentration of ibuprofen, and optimal adsorbent dose were 3, 120 min, 50 mg/l, and 0.10 g/l respectively at 25°C. The results of this study showed that agricultural residues such as straw and sesame stubble can be used as effective and cost-effective adsorbents to remove the remaining pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous solutions.http://www.jewe.ir/article_141404_d5aeb0d911fa548b9026fe906d153afb.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Vetiver Plant Species in Unconventional WaterPhytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Vetiver Plant Species in Unconventional Water79680914871510.22034/jewe.2022.311963.1653FASadroddin Abdollahi MansurkhaniPh.D. Scholar, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranMehdi AsadilourAssist. Professor of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-1065-3895Ali FarzadianAssist. Professor, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, IranAslan EgdernezhadAssist. Professor of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranAli AsarehAssist. Professor of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20211025The use of natural processes, including the physiological potential of plants, is a suitable solution. In this study in order to assess the effect of waste leachate and industrial wastewater on the absorption of heavy metals by the Vetiver plant, two separate factorial experiments were performed in the crop year 2020-2021 as a completely randomized design. Experiment treatments factors included waste leachate and industrial wastewater use separately on 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in three replications (B1, B2, B3) and two irrigation periods of 5 and 10 days (A5, A10). The amount of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, potassium, and sodium measured in vetiver showed waste leachate had a significant effect at the level of 5% (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the use of industrial wastewater had a significant effect on the amount of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and sodium absorbed by the vetiver at the level of 5% (P <0.05) but it had no significant effect on the potassium amount (P> 0.05). R4A1 and W5A1 treatments showed a relatively good response with a decrease in biomass production below 10% compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the Vetiver species has relatively high compatibility in the absorption of heavy metals with unconventional waters and can have a special application for soil and water protection.The use of natural processes, including the physiological potential of plants, is a suitable solution. In this study in order to assess the effect of waste leachate and industrial wastewater on the absorption of heavy metals by the Vetiver plant, two separate factorial experiments were performed in the crop year 2020-2021 as a completely randomized design. Experiment treatments factors included waste leachate and industrial wastewater use separately on 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in three replications (B1, B2, B3) and two irrigation periods of 5 and 10 days (A5, A10). The amount of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, potassium, and sodium measured in vetiver showed waste leachate had a significant effect at the level of 5% (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the use of industrial wastewater had a significant effect on the amount of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and sodium absorbed by the vetiver at the level of 5% (P <0.05) but it had no significant effect on the potassium amount (P> 0.05). R4A1 and W5A1 treatments showed a relatively good response with a decrease in biomass production below 10% compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the Vetiver species has relatively high compatibility in the absorption of heavy metals with unconventional waters and can have a special application for soil and water protection.http://www.jewe.ir/article_148715_46308e9eb181cfd3ce279c60282438b2.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Investigating Removal Efficiency of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions Using Nanoclay Adsorbent and Study of Effective Parameters, Kinetic Models, and Adsorption IsothermsInvestigating Removal Efficiency of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions Using Nanoclay Adsorbent and Study of Effective Parameters, Kinetic Models, and Adsorption Isotherms81082414456410.22034/jewe.2022.316438.1680FAParisa MechinchiM. Sc. Alumni, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranHassan AghdasiniaAssoc. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-3004-8796Seyed Jamaleddin PeighambardoustAssoc. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranMahmoud ZareiDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20211127Pharmaceutical contaminants are one of the most important environmental problems that must be cleared of aqueous environments before they enter the environment. Adsorption method is operationally easy and cost-effective if the adsorbent is not expensive. The purpose of this study is optimization the process of removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions by nanoclay adsorbent and investigation the kinetics and adsorption isotherms. In this study, after preparing the nanoclay, optimization of parameters was done with Design Expert software. The parameters effect of pH, initial concentration and amount of adsorbent were investigated and SEM, XRD and FTIR analyzes were done to identify nanoclay properties. The optimal values of parameters were pH equal to 9.5, adsorbent amount equal to 1.2 g and initial concentration equal to 21.15 mg /l at 25 °C, time of 30 min and stirring speed of 1000 rpm. The study of kinetic models and equilibrium isotherms showed that the adsorption follows the Pseudo-second Order (R<sup>2</sup>=0.999( and the Langmuir model, respectively.<strong> </strong>Under optimal condition, nanoclay as a low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent has a good ability to adsorb tetracycline from aqueous solutions.Pharmaceutical contaminants are one of the most important environmental problems that must be cleared of aqueous environments before they enter the environment. Adsorption method is operationally easy and cost-effective if the adsorbent is not expensive. The purpose of this study is optimization the process of removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions by nanoclay adsorbent and investigation the kinetics and adsorption isotherms. In this study, after preparing the nanoclay, optimization of parameters was done with Design Expert software. The parameters effect of pH, initial concentration and amount of adsorbent were investigated and SEM, XRD and FTIR analyzes were done to identify nanoclay properties. The optimal values of parameters were pH equal to 9.5, adsorbent amount equal to 1.2 g and initial concentration equal to 21.15 mg /l at 25 °C, time of 30 min and stirring speed of 1000 rpm. The study of kinetic models and equilibrium isotherms showed that the adsorption follows the Pseudo-second Order (R<sup>2</sup>=0.999( and the Langmuir model, respectively.<strong> </strong>Under optimal condition, nanoclay as a low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent has a good ability to adsorb tetracycline from aqueous solutions.http://www.jewe.ir/article_144564_d83e974583db99de1ca6098396c6b293.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Source Identification and Evaluation of Elemental Pollution of Surface Sediments in Farahabad Coast, Caspian SeaSource Identification and Evaluation of Elemental Pollution of Surface Sediments in Farahabad Coast, Caspian Sea82584114212710.22034/jewe.2021.314718.1671FAArezoo KhalijianPh.D. Alumni,, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, IranBahareh LorestaniAssoc. Professor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0002-5861-131XSoheil Sobhan ArdakaniProfessor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0002-6038-0514Mehrdad CheraghiAssoc. Professor, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, IranLima TayebiAssist. Professor, Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, IranJournal Article20211112The study of sediments as one of the reservoirs for absorbing environmental pollutants and especially heavy metals is of particular importance. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the contamination of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and vanadium elements in the sediments of Farahabad coast of the Caspian Sea in 2018. In this study, after collecting 36 sediment samples from 12 selected stations, the values of pH, EC, organic matter, and texture of sediments were determined. The concentrations of elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical spectroscopy. In addition, in order to evaluate the pollution of sediments, environmental toxicology criteria were calculated, including indicators of pollution coefficient, enrichment, and pollution load. In order to identify the potential sources of elements and their grouping in the sediment samples, multivariate statistical methods were used, namely principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. For statistical processing of the results, one-way analysis of variance, one-sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used in the SPSS software. The average concentration of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and vanadium was 12.7, 0.191, 35.0, and 31.9 mg/kg, respectively. The output results of PCA, HCA models, EF index values, and coefficient of variation, as well as Pearson's correlation matrix, showed that arsenic probably originates from man-made sources and cadmium, nickel, and vanadium elements have natural sources.The study of sediments as one of the reservoirs for absorbing environmental pollutants and especially heavy metals is of particular importance. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the contamination of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and vanadium elements in the sediments of Farahabad coast of the Caspian Sea in 2018. In this study, after collecting 36 sediment samples from 12 selected stations, the values of pH, EC, organic matter, and texture of sediments were determined. The concentrations of elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical spectroscopy. In addition, in order to evaluate the pollution of sediments, environmental toxicology criteria were calculated, including indicators of pollution coefficient, enrichment, and pollution load. In order to identify the potential sources of elements and their grouping in the sediment samples, multivariate statistical methods were used, namely principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. For statistical processing of the results, one-way analysis of variance, one-sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used in the SPSS software. The average concentration of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and vanadium was 12.7, 0.191, 35.0, and 31.9 mg/kg, respectively. The output results of PCA, HCA models, EF index values, and coefficient of variation, as well as Pearson's correlation matrix, showed that arsenic probably originates from man-made sources and cadmium, nickel, and vanadium elements have natural sources.http://www.jewe.ir/article_142127_d975e457ef99536c3a101b01d8516496.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Prioritization and Management of Industrial Waste in the Ninth Refinery of South Pars Gas ComplexPrioritization and Management of Industrial Waste in the Ninth Refinery of South Pars Gas Complex84285514697110.22034/jewe.2022.321295.1701FAMohammad Taghi TTheriPhD Scholar, Department of Environment, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen,, IranMina Macki Ale AghaAssist. Professor, Department of Environment, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran0000-0002-9447-4877Hasan SamadyarAssist. professor, Department of Environment, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, IranJournal Article20211224The gas production operation in the gas refinery, in addition to creating special and ordinary wastes, also leads to the production of industrial wastes. Failure to properly manage special waste in such refineries will cause environmental hazards and threaten the workforce’s health. This research aimed to identify, differentiate and prioritize industrial wastes in this refinery to eliminate or reduce environmental risks. After collecting waste information, 19 cases of industrial waste were identified in process units and facilities. Then the data was analyzed through documentation, expert theory and Delphi method, and according to the importance of multi-criteria decision-making method for ranking and waste management, TOPSIS method was used for prioritization. The findings showed waste Sulfur with an amount of 86%, has the highest priority of relative proximity to high-risk waste and mixed laboratory containers, with an amount of 20%, have the least priority of relative proximity to low-risk waste among industrial wastes. Also, based on the percentage distance of the relative closeness of the residues to each other, 5 groups (about 26%) are at the high level, 6 groups (about 32%) are at the medium level and 8 groups (about 42%) are at the low level of industrial wastes were placed.The gas production operation in the gas refinery, in addition to creating special and ordinary wastes, also leads to the production of industrial wastes. Failure to properly manage special waste in such refineries will cause environmental hazards and threaten the workforce’s health. This research aimed to identify, differentiate and prioritize industrial wastes in this refinery to eliminate or reduce environmental risks. After collecting waste information, 19 cases of industrial waste were identified in process units and facilities. Then the data was analyzed through documentation, expert theory and Delphi method, and according to the importance of multi-criteria decision-making method for ranking and waste management, TOPSIS method was used for prioritization. The findings showed waste Sulfur with an amount of 86%, has the highest priority of relative proximity to high-risk waste and mixed laboratory containers, with an amount of 20%, have the least priority of relative proximity to low-risk waste among industrial wastes. Also, based on the percentage distance of the relative closeness of the residues to each other, 5 groups (about 26%) are at the high level, 6 groups (about 32%) are at the medium level and 8 groups (about 42%) are at the low level of industrial wastes were placed.http://www.jewe.ir/article_146971_45966a37314095b3ab0fbe1e418e6f44.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Removal of Cadmium Ion from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Graphene Oxide NanoparticlesRemoval of Cadmium Ion from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles85687314368510.22034/jewe.2022.314764.1672FAParya FathollahiM.Sc. Alumni, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Gorgan, IranHassan RezaeiAssoc. Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran0000-0002-5022-5078Mahdi SadeghiAssoc. Professor, Department of Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IranSomayeh NamroodiAssoc. Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, IranJournal Article20211112Industrial and agricultural processes have resulted in the release of cadmium metal into the ecosystem. One way to remove this heavy metal is adsorption. This research aimed to determine the efficiency of magnetic nanographene for removing cadmium ions from aqueous solution., This research was done in a discontinuous system at a laboratory scale. For this purpose, the effect of effective parameters such as pH, concentration, contact time, ambient temperature, adsorbent dose, and other factors was investigated. The results showed that the maximum amount of cadmium absorption occurred in the conditions of pH=6, concentration 100 mg/l, contact time 120 min, ambient temperature 45 ° C and adsorbent dose 0.01 g. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the absorption process of cadmium metal was spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range of 288 to 318 K The pseudo-second-order model with adsorption rate constant (K<sub>2</sub> = 0.0092) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99) showed that it describes the laboratory data better. Also, the examination of adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96) was more suitable for describing the adsorption process and was more consistent with the laboratory data. According to the results of this research, magnetic oxide nanographene adsorbent with 92.8% efficiency can be used to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. Industrial and agricultural processes have resulted in the release of cadmium metal into the ecosystem. One way to remove this heavy metal is adsorption. This research aimed to determine the efficiency of magnetic nanographene for removing cadmium ions from aqueous solution., This research was done in a discontinuous system at a laboratory scale. For this purpose, the effect of effective parameters such as pH, concentration, contact time, ambient temperature, adsorbent dose, and other factors was investigated. The results showed that the maximum amount of cadmium absorption occurred in the conditions of pH=6, concentration 100 mg/l, contact time 120 min, ambient temperature 45 ° C and adsorbent dose 0.01 g. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the absorption process of cadmium metal was spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range of 288 to 318 K The pseudo-second-order model with adsorption rate constant (K<sub>2</sub> = 0.0092) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99) showed that it describes the laboratory data better. Also, the examination of adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96) was more suitable for describing the adsorption process and was more consistent with the laboratory data. According to the results of this research, magnetic oxide nanographene adsorbent with 92.8% efficiency can be used to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. http://www.jewe.ir/article_143685_3edf07b194a95a5950f8f65d16456802.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Ascertaining Optimal Real-Time Reservoir Operation Policy Using Modern HOA Algorithm and Based on the SVM Method to Preserve the Water Right of Shadegan WetlandAscertaining Optimal Real-Time Reservoir Operation Policy Using Modern HOA Algorithm and Based on the SVM Method to Preserve the Water Right of Shadegan Wetland87489015100410.22034/jewe.2022.326920.1719FABahram SahamPh.D Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran0000-0001-8712-7408Amirpouya SarrafAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran0000000333959106Babak AminnejadAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran0000-0001-8712-7466Journal Article20220128The most important goal in the planning and optimal operation of the reservoir system is to determine the various operating policies that can operate properly Under the drought condition and existing uncertainties. In this study, a combination of the Horse herd optimization algorithm (HOA) and WEAP simulator model was used to extract the optimal reservoir exploitation policies in the form of specific optimization and objective functions were calculated based on the results of the implementation of each scenario and the total operating period for Maroon and Jarreh reservoir dams. The results showed that the average error of the optimal rules extracted from the support vector machines relative to the output of the HOA algorithm in the validation stage is less than 17%, which indicates the high efficiency of this method in predicting the optimal pattern of the dam control curve in real-time. Moreover, evaluation of different scenarios showed that agricultural development in areas 1, 4, and 5 of Ramhormoz will be reduced by an average of 50% and also a 10% reduction in inflow to Marun and Jarreh dams will have negative effects on Shadegan wetland.The most important goal in the planning and optimal operation of the reservoir system is to determine the various operating policies that can operate properly Under the drought condition and existing uncertainties. In this study, a combination of the Horse herd optimization algorithm (HOA) and WEAP simulator model was used to extract the optimal reservoir exploitation policies in the form of specific optimization and objective functions were calculated based on the results of the implementation of each scenario and the total operating period for Maroon and Jarreh reservoir dams. The results showed that the average error of the optimal rules extracted from the support vector machines relative to the output of the HOA algorithm in the validation stage is less than 17%, which indicates the high efficiency of this method in predicting the optimal pattern of the dam control curve in real-time. Moreover, evaluation of different scenarios showed that agricultural development in areas 1, 4, and 5 of Ramhormoz will be reduced by an average of 50% and also a 10% reduction in inflow to Marun and Jarreh dams will have negative effects on Shadegan wetland.http://www.jewe.ir/article_151004_12aa246eae2b3b6695daf43e9d931054.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Development of Hybrid Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System - Harris Hawks Optimizer (ANFIS-HHO) for Monthly Inlet Flow to Dam Reservoirs PredictionDevelopment of Hybrid Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System - Harris Hawks Optimizer (ANFIS-HHO) for Monthly Inlet Flow to Dam Reservoirs Prediction89190714694910.22034/jewe.2022.325678.1716FASeyed Mohammad EnayatiPhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0002-6295-0533Mohsen NajarchiAssoc. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-7128-9970Osman MohammadpourAssist. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran0000-0003-0629-6116Seyed Mohammad MirhosseiniAssist. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-7747-1132Journal Article20220124Nowadays, machine learning models are able to make good predictions based on pattern extraction between data. In this study, a neural-fuzzy network (ANFIS) was used to predict the inflow to the reservoirs of a dam namely, the Mahabad dam located in the northwestern part of Iran. A new Harris Hawk (HHO) optimization algorithm was also used to improve the ANFIS (HHO-ANFIS) structure. Monthly precipitation and temperature and inlet flow data to the reservoir one to three months ago were used as input parameters as 6 different input patterns. About 70% of the data was used for training and 30% to test the models. The results showed that the ANFIS model has good accuracy in training data although, for test data, its accuracy was greatly reduced. The development of the HHO-ANFIS model improved the accuracy of the prediction. The patterns with all input parameters had the highest prediction accuracy. In this pattern, values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) for test data were 3.9 MCM, 2.41 MCM, and 0.86, respectively. Due to the good performance of the model used, it can be recommended for time series predictions.Nowadays, machine learning models are able to make good predictions based on pattern extraction between data. In this study, a neural-fuzzy network (ANFIS) was used to predict the inflow to the reservoirs of a dam namely, the Mahabad dam located in the northwestern part of Iran. A new Harris Hawk (HHO) optimization algorithm was also used to improve the ANFIS (HHO-ANFIS) structure. Monthly precipitation and temperature and inlet flow data to the reservoir one to three months ago were used as input parameters as 6 different input patterns. About 70% of the data was used for training and 30% to test the models. The results showed that the ANFIS model has good accuracy in training data although, for test data, its accuracy was greatly reduced. The development of the HHO-ANFIS model improved the accuracy of the prediction. The patterns with all input parameters had the highest prediction accuracy. In this pattern, values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) for test data were 3.9 MCM, 2.41 MCM, and 0.86, respectively. Due to the good performance of the model used, it can be recommended for time series predictions.http://www.jewe.ir/article_146949_f2714ad3d16d45b32c6fe51ca70c9c75.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Comparative Analysis of Estimating Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration Using Kernel and Tree-Based Data Mining Models Versus Empirical MethodsComparative Analysis of Estimating Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration Using Kernel and Tree-Based Data Mining Models Versus Empirical Methods90892214554710.22034/jewe.2022.317241.1686FASahar JavidanM.Sc. Student, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0001-6739-8242Mohammad Taghi SattariAssoc. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-5139-2118Ahmad MehrabiExpert in the Office of Water Resources Studies, Qazvin Regional Water Company, Qazvin, Iran0000-0002-3176-6573Journal Article20221215Because direct measurement of evapotranspiration is costly and time-consuming, researchers have turned to the estimation of evapotranspiration via indirect approaches. The aim of this study is to investigate the capability of kernel-based, tree-based, bagging-based data-driven, and empirical models to estimate reference evapotranspiration. For this purpose, data related to meteorological parameters such as average temperature, hours of sunshine, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity were collected over a period of 39 years. A correlation matrix, relief algorithm, and trial and error based on the author’s own experience were used to select input scenarios. The performance of these methods was evaluated using correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), scattering index (SI), Nash Sutcliffe (NS), and Wilmot indexes (WI). Based on the results, scenario 13 includes maximum temperature and monthly time index based on the relief algorithm was selected as the best scenario, also on the other hand the random tree model with R=0.99, RMSE=0.04 mm/day, and SI=0.01 was selected as the superior method. Thus, the maximum temperature was defined as the efficient meteorological parameter for the reference evapotranspiration modeling.Because direct measurement of evapotranspiration is costly and time-consuming, researchers have turned to the estimation of evapotranspiration via indirect approaches. The aim of this study is to investigate the capability of kernel-based, tree-based, bagging-based data-driven, and empirical models to estimate reference evapotranspiration. For this purpose, data related to meteorological parameters such as average temperature, hours of sunshine, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity were collected over a period of 39 years. A correlation matrix, relief algorithm, and trial and error based on the author’s own experience were used to select input scenarios. The performance of these methods was evaluated using correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), scattering index (SI), Nash Sutcliffe (NS), and Wilmot indexes (WI). Based on the results, scenario 13 includes maximum temperature and monthly time index based on the relief algorithm was selected as the best scenario, also on the other hand the random tree model with R=0.99, RMSE=0.04 mm/day, and SI=0.01 was selected as the superior method. Thus, the maximum temperature was defined as the efficient meteorological parameter for the reference evapotranspiration modeling.http://www.jewe.ir/article_145547_74725cdd7ceefc38e2f1d65d173422a2.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Parameters of Flow in Sluice Gates with Different OpeningsExperimental Investigation of Hydraulic Parameters of Flow in Sluice Gates with Different Openings92393914395610.22034/jewe.2022.321259.1700FARasoul DaneshfarazProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran0000-0003-1012-8342Reza NorouziPh.D. Alumni, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-3756-8746Hamidreza AbbaszadehM.Sc. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran0000-0001-7714-6081Journal Article20211223Here, the contraction coefficient, discharge coefficient, hydraulic jump length, and relative energy dissipation in which the gate acts as a supercritical flow generator were investigated at different openings. The maximum value of the contraction coefficient is related to the gate with the lowest amount of opening. The amount of gate opening is inversely related to the discharge coefficient. At a certain discharge, increasing opening leads to a decrease in relative energy dissipation. Moreover, with increasing Froude number, relative energy dissipation increases. Here, the amplitude of the Froude number changed from 2.2 to 14.2, which has a direct effect on the hydraulic jump length, and with increasing opening, the Froude number and jump length decreased. The amount of opening is inversely related to the upstream water depth and the hydrodynamic force applied to the gate. Regression nonlinear polynomial relationships were presented to predict relative energy dissipation and discharge coefficient with appropriate statistical indicators of root mean square error and Kling Gupta. For the discharge coefficient, mdecreasedore than 78% of the data have an error of less than ±1.5%. In addition, for energy dissipation relative to the upstream and downstream, more than 88% of the data have a relative error of less than ±5 and ±1%, respectively.Here, the contraction coefficient, discharge coefficient, hydraulic jump length, and relative energy dissipation in which the gate acts as a supercritical flow generator were investigated at different openings. The maximum value of the contraction coefficient is related to the gate with the lowest amount of opening. The amount of gate opening is inversely related to the discharge coefficient. At a certain discharge, increasing opening leads to a decrease in relative energy dissipation. Moreover, with increasing Froude number, relative energy dissipation increases. Here, the amplitude of the Froude number changed from 2.2 to 14.2, which has a direct effect on the hydraulic jump length, and with increasing opening, the Froude number and jump length decreased. The amount of opening is inversely related to the upstream water depth and the hydrodynamic force applied to the gate. Regression nonlinear polynomial relationships were presented to predict relative energy dissipation and discharge coefficient with appropriate statistical indicators of root mean square error and Kling Gupta. For the discharge coefficient, mdecreasedore than 78% of the data have an error of less than ±1.5%. In addition, for energy dissipation relative to the upstream and downstream, more than 88% of the data have a relative error of less than ±5 and ±1%, respectively.http://www.jewe.ir/article_143956_cc7832a9a8b5a6e68483709c4f7c21b9.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Separation of Oil-Water Emulation with High Efficiency Using Mixed Matrix Microfiltration Modified MembraneSeparation of Oil-Water Emulation with High Efficiency Using Mixed Matrix Microfiltration Modified Membrane94095013158410.22034/jewe.2021.280714.1551FAMahya SamariM.Sc. Student, Water and Wastewater Research Center (WWRC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranSirus ZinadiniAssoc. Professor, Water and Wastewater Research Center (WWRC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0003-1697-8559Aliakbar ZinatizadehProfessor, Water and Wastewater Research Center (WWRC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-0442-0841Mohammad JafarzadehAssoc. Professor, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-4976-1789Foad GholamiPh.D. Scholar, Water and Wastewater Research Center (WWRC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0003-3146-7271Journal Article20210421FSM-16 mesoporous silica modified with metformin (FSM-16-Met) is known as a suitable additive for membrane modification in order to obtain a modified membrane with anti-fouling capability for highly efficient oily wastewater treatment. In this research, the production of polyether sulfone microfiltration membranes was done using an efficient modification process. The modified membrane with FSM-16-Met nanoparticles showed excellent fouling resistance, while maintaining a high net water transfer efficiency of more than 150 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.h without significant oil infiltration. The optimal modified membrane PES/FSM-16-Met had a high net water flux of 156.07 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.h and a low contact angle compared with the unmodified membrane (respectively 79.8 and 46.25 for the unmodified and was the modified optimum). Also, the flux recovery ratio is more than 97% and the ability to resist clogging is Rir = 79.58 and Rir = 2.13%, respectively, for unmodified and modified membranes during filtration at different concentrations of oily feed (300 and 500 mg/l). It was one of the features obtained in this study. Overall, this work provides insight into efficient polymer membrane modifications with very low oil cake layer formation on the membrane surface, which shows great potential for industrial-scale oily wastewater treatment in the future.FSM-16 mesoporous silica modified with metformin (FSM-16-Met) is known as a suitable additive for membrane modification in order to obtain a modified membrane with anti-fouling capability for highly efficient oily wastewater treatment. In this research, the production of polyether sulfone microfiltration membranes was done using an efficient modification process. The modified membrane with FSM-16-Met nanoparticles showed excellent fouling resistance, while maintaining a high net water transfer efficiency of more than 150 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.h without significant oil infiltration. The optimal modified membrane PES/FSM-16-Met had a high net water flux of 156.07 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.h and a low contact angle compared with the unmodified membrane (respectively 79.8 and 46.25 for the unmodified and was the modified optimum). Also, the flux recovery ratio is more than 97% and the ability to resist clogging is Rir = 79.58 and Rir = 2.13%, respectively, for unmodified and modified membranes during filtration at different concentrations of oily feed (300 and 500 mg/l). It was one of the features obtained in this study. Overall, this work provides insight into efficient polymer membrane modifications with very low oil cake layer formation on the membrane surface, which shows great potential for industrial-scale oily wastewater treatment in the future.http://www.jewe.ir/article_131584_94c8446944da3007c7f1277b7c82261b.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Effect of Duration and Frequency of Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry Measurement on Calculation of Turbulent Flow CharacteristicsEffect of Duration and Frequency of Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry Measurement on Calculation of Turbulent Flow Characteristics95196813614110.22034/jewe.2021.299503.1610FAMohammad Reza MaddahiPhD Scholar, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranMajid RahimpourAssoc. Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20210812Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) is one of the most suitable devices for measuring flow characteristics. Determination of measurement frequency and duration, in a way that the results are calculated with the lowest error, is very important. The goal of this study was to determine the optimum measurement frequency and duration to save money and time. 3D instantaneous subcritical flocharacteristicsts are measured at 200, 100, 25, and 5Hz frequencies for a duration of 3 minutes, in a laboratory flume with an aspect ratio of less than 5. Then, 3D averaged velocities, shear velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stress are calculated. Results show that the reduction of error is independent of the number of measured data and its dependence is on the data collection duration and frequency. For measurements of 3D averaged velocity components, the appropriate measurement frequency and duration are 1Hz and 50 seconds, respectively. To determine the shear velocity, using logarithmic law, reducing the frequency and duration, results in a maximum error of 13%. For calculation of turbulence flow characteristics, like turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress, the measurement frequency, and duration of up to 25Hz and 50-70sec, respectively, results in an error of less than 10%.Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) is one of the most suitable devices for measuring flow characteristics. Determination of measurement frequency and duration, in a way that the results are calculated with the lowest error, is very important. The goal of this study was to determine the optimum measurement frequency and duration to save money and time. 3D instantaneous subcritical flocharacteristicsts are measured at 200, 100, 25, and 5Hz frequencies for a duration of 3 minutes, in a laboratory flume with an aspect ratio of less than 5. Then, 3D averaged velocities, shear velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stress are calculated. Results show that the reduction of error is independent of the number of measured data and its dependence is on the data collection duration and frequency. For measurements of 3D averaged velocity components, the appropriate measurement frequency and duration are 1Hz and 50 seconds, respectively. To determine the shear velocity, using logarithmic law, reducing the frequency and duration, results in a maximum error of 13%. For calculation of turbulence flow characteristics, like turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress, the measurement frequency, and duration of up to 25Hz and 50-70sec, respectively, results in an error of less than 10%.http://www.jewe.ir/article_136141_cfc1dd93e8580b718eff4d080a7676fc.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Theory of Planning Behavior Application in Explaining Agricultural Water Conservation Behavior among Farmers in Bavi County, Khuzestan ProvinceTheory of Planning Behavior Application in Explaining Agricultural Water Conservation Behavior among Farmers in Bavi County, Khuzestan Province96998214002910.22034/jewe.2021.309740.1641FAMoslem SavariAssist. Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, IranJournal Article20211009This study was conducted with the general purpose of explaining the behavior of agricultural water conservation among farmers in Bavi County. The statistical population of this study consisted of all farmers in Bavi County of Khuzestan province. Using Cochran formula sampling and the stratified proportional sampling method, 190 persons were selected as the study sample. The data collection tool of the study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha Coefficient (α > 0.7). Data analysis was done by SPSSwin18 and Smart Pls software. In this research, the theory of planned behavior was used for the research framework. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the variables of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and inclination are able to explain 60.5% of water conservation behavior. In general, the results of this study can provide new insights for policymakers in this field, because in previous studies, more emphasis has been placed on incentives and limitations for water conservation, and attention has not been paid to environmental psychological studies.This study was conducted with the general purpose of explaining the behavior of agricultural water conservation among farmers in Bavi County. The statistical population of this study consisted of all farmers in Bavi County of Khuzestan province. Using Cochran formula sampling and the stratified proportional sampling method, 190 persons were selected as the study sample. The data collection tool of the study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha Coefficient (α > 0.7). Data analysis was done by SPSSwin18 and Smart Pls software. In this research, the theory of planned behavior was used for the research framework. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the variables of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and inclination are able to explain 60.5% of water conservation behavior. In general, the results of this study can provide new insights for policymakers in this field, because in previous studies, more emphasis has been placed on incentives and limitations for water conservation, and attention has not been paid to environmental psychological studies.http://www.jewe.ir/article_140029_1d51fb9fa930106376b6c210f3974c9c.pdfIranian Rainwater Catchment Systems AssociationEnvironment and Water Engineering2476-36838420221222Simulation and Optimization of Water Consumption in Hirmand Watershed in order to Integrate Water Resources ManagementSimulation and Optimization of Water Consumption in Hirmand Watershed in order to Integrate Water Resources Management98399114434010.22034/jewe.2022.322299.1704FAFarhad FaghihiAssist. Professor, Department of Surveying Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, IranJournal Article20211230In recent years, due to water shortages in the Hirmand watershed, integrated management of water resources in this area is essential. In this research, the aim is to simulate and optimize water consumption in order to integrate water resources management. For this purpose, the WEAP model was used for simulation and the goal programming model was used to optimize water use. The simulation results showed that in the reference scenario, the Hirmand watershed is facing a water shortage of 586.69×10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>3</sup> per year. The goals of economic sustainability and ecological sustainability of water use are not met and only the goals of social sustainability of water use are met. After optimization, water consumption was allocated to an activity that achieved the goal of economic sustainability of water use. On average, the economic efficiency of water use in the Hirmand watershed area increased by 99.58%., optimization led to a reduction of water consumption by 382.82×10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>3</sup>/year and achieving the goal of ecological sustainability of integrated water resources management in the Hirmand watershed area. Thus, the water supply in the environment and agriculture increased to 93.60 and 89.03% respectively.In recent years, due to water shortages in the Hirmand watershed, integrated management of water resources in this area is essential. In this research, the aim is to simulate and optimize water consumption in order to integrate water resources management. For this purpose, the WEAP model was used for simulation and the goal programming model was used to optimize water use. The simulation results showed that in the reference scenario, the Hirmand watershed is facing a water shortage of 586.69×10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>3</sup> per year. The goals of economic sustainability and ecological sustainability of water use are not met and only the goals of social sustainability of water use are met. After optimization, water consumption was allocated to an activity that achieved the goal of economic sustainability of water use. On average, the economic efficiency of water use in the Hirmand watershed area increased by 99.58%., optimization led to a reduction of water consumption by 382.82×10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>3</sup>/year and achieving the goal of ecological sustainability of integrated water resources management in the Hirmand watershed area. Thus, the water supply in the environment and agriculture increased to 93.60 and 89.03% respectively.http://www.jewe.ir/article_144340_18fa019ae7f4a2a7abca27c4c304433c.pdf